India is the second largest producer of fruits next to China and productivity is significantly low as compared to otherdeveloped countries. The majority of the temperate fruit crops and nuts are being cultivated in the north-western Himalayan, north eastern and small areas are lies in upper pulney hills in Tamil Nadu. High altitude and temperate regions are capable to produce high yield and good quality fruits. But the foothill where the chilling and pollinizers is insufficient adversely affects the yield and quality. In India, majority of the temperate fruits were introduced from other parts of the world and some are indigenous to India like walnuts and wild apple species. Therefore, the improvement of the temperate fruits and nuts were taken place mainly through introduction of promising varieties. The exotic species and cultivars are still the backbone of fruit production in India particularly for apple, pear, peach, plum and cherry. Pollinizers used to denote trees of those varieties which cross pollinate flowers of another variety, particularly, the commercial varieties. Varieties such as Golden delicious, Red Gold etc., are the pollinizers for Red delicious. It is a term borrowed from the American who use it to describe a producer of pollen.

Global water demand by 2030 is probable to be 50% higher than today. Nowadays water management is considered one of the major challenges for all countries in arid and semi-arid regions. Superabsorbent Hydrogels are a promising management option to increase the water use efficiency in agriculture. Research evidence suggests that when the soil is treated with water hydrogel composite the water volumetric content of the soil increases significantly and when the surrounding soil dries, the stored water is released back slowly into the soil.

A major shift in area towards the horticultural crop cultivation has been witnessed in India. Various factors such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, geographical conditions play an important role in this decision-making process and to make the farming profitable. With the need for better crops, the adoption of years old agricultural methodologies would no longer suffice. Necessity to cope with the tremendous need for healthy food, automated farming practices came into picture in the early twentieth century. With the advent of AI, scientists/farmers can manage/ solve various complex problems without human intervention. AI could also assist the farmers to predict the expected financial trend for any particular crop and plan accordingly. A major part of horticultural revolution happened with the introduction of soft computing, sensors and artificial intelligence (AI). An efficient public-private partnership model can enable to bridge the gap between technological advancements and India's horticultural sector.

Using ozone as a non-thermal food technique is both economical and environmentally friendly. It is extensively used in cereals to degrade mycotoxin and remove microbial contaminants. An overview of ozone's effectiveness in processing cereals for microbiological decontamination, insect control, and changes in grain quality is given in the current article. Discussions are held over several variables that affect the ozone treatment process, including grain bed thickness, temperature, moisture content, medium pH, and concentration. Since ozone treatment uses the oxidation principle, the finished product is guaranteed to be both micro-biologically secure and shelf-stable. In order to preserve the quality of cereal and its products, ozone technology appears to be a promising one.

Pigmented rice had been considered as a super food since Chinese emperor's era due to its higher nutritive value as compared to white rice. Unfortunately, it is not so popular throughout the world for its unacceptable physiological traits and inferior physical quality of the grain. But it is rich in many bioactive molecules, which is directly associated with health benefits of human beings. The present review paper mainly focuses on biochemistry and molecular biology of nutritional compounds as well as sensory studies of pigmented rice. It also revealed the genetic approach for the improvement of the grain qualities. Pigmented rice is rich in antioxidants like phenolics, oryzanol, vitamins and minerals in some cases. They are poor in head rice recovery and generally low amylose content. Due to lower amylose content, the grains are waxy in nature and therefore, it can be utilised for the preparation of many rice based products.

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) is the rich source of protein and oil range to be 28-40% and 15-18% respectively. It also contains different types of medicinally impotent bio-active metabolites including phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds provide valuable health promoting antioxidants, whereas protein is responsible for nutritional quality. Therefore, it has potential to be a future nutritional leguminous crops. The roots of winged bean have nodules, that play important role in nitrogen fixation, so former need very little cost to grow this crops.

Orobanche aegyptiaca is a member of the Orobanchaceae family of parasitic plants. In rapeseed-mustard crops, it is the most destructive agricultural weed. Numerous Orobanche species, including O. ramosa, O. crenata, O. cumana, O. foetida, and O. cernua, parasitize a variety of host plants and cause harm to ecosystems around the world (Table 1). Particularly damaging and having a significant global impact are orobanche species (Figure 1). Orobanche is a significant pest in the main mustard-growing regions of India (Figure 2). It can be found in states that grow mustard, including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Haryana, and is extremely invasive in several districts of the state of Rajasthan. Orobanche infestation can cause upto 50% crop loss (Figure 3) and it is very hard to control due to its robust survival mechanisms.

Beside established primary reproductive functions, the male hormone androgen act as a growth and survival factor for most of its target tissues. Though male androgenic hormones are widely studied, still some aspects of underlying mechanisms are not completely clear. In addition to their influence on female reproductive hormones which are considered to be crucial factor in breast carcinogenesis, several reports shows that male androgenic hormones may have direct influences on breast cancer tissues. Here, we have used dihydrosterone as model of male androgen to understand its impact on some major molecular circuitry and their by in the process of breast carcinogenesis. We observed that DHT convincingly inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced Janus Kinase-1 (JNK-1) activation and apoptosis in breast cancer cells, MCF-7 in p21 dependent manner. Inhibition by androgen requires the transcription activity of androgen receptor (AR) and de novo protein synthesis. AndrogenAR induces expression of p21 that in turn inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α induced JNK activation and apoptosis. Our results reveal a novel cross-talk between AR and JNK in breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, thereby providing a molecular mechanism underlying the survival function of androgen on its target tissues or organ.

An agar degrading bacterium Micrococcus luteus F2 was isolated from river water. The identification of strain done by partial 16S-rRNA sequencing. This organism produced agarase enzyme and degrade agar at 37˚C, pH 5.0. Highest activity obtained 0.203 U/ml at 37˚C, 0.16 U/ml at 0.5% agar concentration, 0.136 U/ml at pH 5.0, and 0.10 U/ml at 0.09% NaCl concentration. The enzyme agarase produced by this strain was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. It gave 1.14 fold and 1.049 fold purification in 70% and 80% saturation respectively.

Here we describe the structure of two types of quantum spin laser form type quantum dots and wells according to the bucket model. Then, with according to the structures, we study the laser equations first in the conventional state, then we propagate the spin state to better gain. That is, carriers and photons density, with according to the optical gain in both the conventional and spin states, is ratio to time. In the end, we examine the system in a steady state for a state not captured (τ_c=0ps) and after passing (τ_c=2ps), which is captured and photons produced.